Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Agents Used to Treat SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential Interaction with Drugs and Other Supportive Measures: A Comprehensive Review by the PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group of the European Society of Antimicrobial Agents.
Identifieur interne : 000951 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000950; suivant : 000952Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Agents Used to Treat SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential Interaction with Drugs and Other Supportive Measures: A Comprehensive Review by the PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group of the European Society of Antimicrobial Agents.
Auteurs : Markus Zeitlinger [Autriche] ; Birgit C P. Koch [Pays-Bas] ; Roger Bruggemann [Pays-Bas] ; Pieter De Cock [Belgique] ; Timothy Felton [Royaume-Uni] ; Maya Hites [Belgique] ; Jennifer Le [États-Unis] ; Sonia Luque [Espagne] ; Alasdair P. Macgowan [Royaume-Uni] ; Deborah J E. Marriott [Australie] ; Anouk E. Muller [Pays-Bas] ; Kristina Nadrah [Slovénie] ; David L. Paterson [Australie] ; Joseph F. Standing [Royaume-Uni] ; João P. Telles [Brésil] ; Michael Wölfl-Duchek [Autriche] ; Michael Thy [France] ; Jason A. Roberts [Australie, France]Source :
- Clinical pharmacokinetics [ 1179-1926 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify optimal antiviral therapies for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. We have conducted a rapid and comprehensive review of relevant pharmacological evidence, focusing on (1) the pharmacokinetics (PK) of potential antiviral therapies; (2) coronavirus-specific pharmacodynamics (PD); (3) PK and PD interactions between proposed combination therapies; (4) pharmacology of major supportive therapies; and (5) anticipated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). We found promising in vitro evidence for remdesivir, (hydroxy)chloroquine and favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2; potential clinical benefit in SARS-CoV-2 with remdesivir, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) plus ribavirin; and strong evidence for LPV/r plus ribavirin against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for post-exposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers. Despite these emerging data, robust controlled clinical trials assessing patient-centred outcomes remain imperative and clinical data have already reduced expectations with regard to some drugs. Any therapy should be used with caution in the light of potential drug interactions and the uncertainty of optimal doses for treating mild versus serious infections.
DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00924-9
PubMed: 32725382
PubMed Central: PMC7385074
Affiliations:
- Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Brésil, Espagne, France, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Slovénie, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, Catalogne, Grand Londres, Grand Manchester, Gueldre, Hollande-Méridionale, Languedoc-Roussillon, Occitanie (région administrative), Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Vienne (Autriche), État de São Paulo, Île-de-France
- Barcelone, Bruxelles, Londres, Manchester, Nimègue, Nîmes, Paris, Rotterdam, Vienne (Autriche)
- University College de Londres, Université de Manchester, Université libre de Bruxelles
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Agents Used to Treat SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential Interaction with Drugs and Other Supportive Measures: A Comprehensive Review by the PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group of the European Society of Antimicrobial Agents.</title><author><name sortKey="Zeitlinger, Markus" sort="Zeitlinger, Markus" uniqKey="Zeitlinger M" first="Markus" last="Zeitlinger">Markus Zeitlinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. markus.zeitlinger@meduniwien.ac.at.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, Birgit C P" sort="Koch, Birgit C P" uniqKey="Koch B" first="Birgit C P" last="Koch">Birgit C P. Koch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruggemann, Roger" sort="Bruggemann, Roger" uniqKey="Bruggemann R" first="Roger" last="Bruggemann">Roger Bruggemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Cock, Pieter" sort="De Cock, Pieter" 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Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hites, Maya" sort="Hites, Maya" uniqKey="Hites M" first="Maya" last="Hites">Maya Hites</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Clinic of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinic of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le, Jennifer" sort="Le, Jennifer" uniqKey="Le J" first="Jennifer" last="Le">Jennifer Le</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luque, Sonia" sort="Luque, Sonia" uniqKey="Luque S" first="Sonia" last="Luque">Sonia Luque</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmacy Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macgowan, Alasdair P" sort="Macgowan, Alasdair P" uniqKey="Macgowan A" first="Alasdair P" last="Macgowan">Alasdair P. Macgowan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology Partnership, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology Partnership, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marriott, Deborah J E" sort="Marriott, Deborah J E" uniqKey="Marriott D" first="Deborah J E" last="Marriott">Deborah J E. Marriott</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Anouk E" sort="Muller, Anouk E" uniqKey="Muller A" first="Anouk E" last="Muller">Anouk E. Muller</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>HaaglandenMC, The Hague and ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>HaaglandenMC, The Hague and ErasmusMC, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadrah, Kristina" sort="Nadrah, Kristina" uniqKey="Nadrah K" first="Kristina" last="Nadrah">Kristina Nadrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paterson, David L" sort="Paterson, David L" uniqKey="Paterson D" first="David L" last="Paterson">David L. Paterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Standing, Joseph F" sort="Standing, Joseph F" uniqKey="Standing J" first="Joseph F" last="Standing">Joseph F. Standing</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Telles, Joao P" sort="Telles, Joao P" uniqKey="Telles J" first="João P" last="Telles">João P. Telles</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfl Duchek, Michael" sort="Wolfl Duchek, Michael" uniqKey="Wolfl Duchek M" first="Michael" last="Wölfl-Duchek">Michael Wölfl-Duchek</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thy, Michael" sort="Thy, Michael" uniqKey="Thy M" first="Michael" last="Thy">Michael Thy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Department and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Department and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Bichat, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>EA7323, Evaluation of Perinatal and Paediatric Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>EA7323, Evaluation of Perinatal and Paediatric Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University Paris Descartes, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Jason A" sort="Roberts, Jason A" uniqKey="Roberts J" first="Jason A" last="Roberts">Jason A. Roberts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Nîmes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, QLD, 4029</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4029</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32725382</idno><idno type="pmid">32725382</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s40262-020-00924-9</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7385074</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000806</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Agents Used to Treat SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential Interaction with Drugs and Other Supportive Measures: A Comprehensive Review by the PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group of the European Society of Antimicrobial Agents.</title><author><name sortKey="Zeitlinger, Markus" sort="Zeitlinger, Markus" uniqKey="Zeitlinger M" first="Markus" last="Zeitlinger">Markus Zeitlinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. markus.zeitlinger@meduniwien.ac.at.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, Birgit C P" sort="Koch, Birgit C P" uniqKey="Koch B" first="Birgit C P" last="Koch">Birgit C P. Koch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruggemann, Roger" sort="Bruggemann, Roger" uniqKey="Bruggemann R" first="Roger" last="Bruggemann">Roger Bruggemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Cock, Pieter" sort="De Cock, Pieter" uniqKey="De Cock P" first="Pieter" last="De Cock">Pieter De Cock</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy 2, Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy 2, Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Felton, Timothy" sort="Felton, Timothy" uniqKey="Felton T" first="Timothy" last="Felton">Timothy Felton</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hites, Maya" sort="Hites, Maya" uniqKey="Hites M" first="Maya" last="Hites">Maya Hites</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Clinic of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinic of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le, Jennifer" sort="Le, Jennifer" uniqKey="Le J" first="Jennifer" last="Le">Jennifer Le</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luque, Sonia" sort="Luque, Sonia" uniqKey="Luque S" first="Sonia" last="Luque">Sonia Luque</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmacy Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macgowan, Alasdair P" sort="Macgowan, Alasdair P" uniqKey="Macgowan A" first="Alasdair P" last="Macgowan">Alasdair P. Macgowan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology Partnership, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology Partnership, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marriott, Deborah J E" sort="Marriott, Deborah J E" uniqKey="Marriott D" first="Deborah J E" last="Marriott">Deborah J E. Marriott</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Anouk E" sort="Muller, Anouk E" uniqKey="Muller A" first="Anouk E" last="Muller">Anouk E. Muller</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>HaaglandenMC, The Hague and ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>HaaglandenMC, The Hague and ErasmusMC, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadrah, Kristina" sort="Nadrah, Kristina" uniqKey="Nadrah K" first="Kristina" last="Nadrah">Kristina Nadrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paterson, David L" sort="Paterson, David L" uniqKey="Paterson D" first="David L" last="Paterson">David L. Paterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Standing, Joseph F" sort="Standing, Joseph F" uniqKey="Standing J" first="Joseph F" last="Standing">Joseph F. Standing</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Telles, Joao P" sort="Telles, Joao P" uniqKey="Telles J" first="João P" last="Telles">João P. Telles</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfl Duchek, Michael" sort="Wolfl Duchek, Michael" uniqKey="Wolfl Duchek M" first="Michael" last="Wölfl-Duchek">Michael Wölfl-Duchek</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thy, Michael" sort="Thy, Michael" uniqKey="Thy M" first="Michael" last="Thy">Michael Thy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Department and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Department and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Bichat, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>EA7323, Evaluation of Perinatal and Paediatric Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>EA7323, Evaluation of Perinatal and Paediatric Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University Paris Descartes, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Jason A" sort="Roberts, Jason A" uniqKey="Roberts J" first="Jason A" last="Roberts">Jason A. Roberts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Nîmes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, QLD, 4029</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4029</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical pharmacokinetics</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1926</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">There is an urgent need to identify optimal antiviral therapies for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. We have conducted a rapid and comprehensive review of relevant pharmacological evidence, focusing on (1) the pharmacokinetics (PK) of potential antiviral therapies; (2) coronavirus-specific pharmacodynamics (PD); (3) PK and PD interactions between proposed combination therapies; (4) pharmacology of major supportive therapies; and (5) anticipated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). We found promising in vitro evidence for remdesivir, (hydroxy)chloroquine and favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2; potential clinical benefit in SARS-CoV-2 with remdesivir, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) plus ribavirin; and strong evidence for LPV/r plus ribavirin against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for post-exposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers. Despite these emerging data, robust controlled clinical trials assessing patient-centred outcomes remain imperative and clinical data have already reduced expectations with regard to some drugs. Any therapy should be used with caution in the light of potential drug interactions and the uncertainty of optimal doses for treating mild versus serious infections.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32725382</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1179-1926</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Jul</Month><Day>28</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Clinical pharmacokinetics</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Clin Pharmacokinet</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Agents Used to Treat SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential Interaction with Drugs and Other Supportive Measures: A Comprehensive Review by the PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group of the European Society of Antimicrobial Agents.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s40262-020-00924-9</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>There is an urgent need to identify optimal antiviral therapies for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. We have conducted a rapid and comprehensive review of relevant pharmacological evidence, focusing on (1) the pharmacokinetics (PK) of potential antiviral therapies; (2) coronavirus-specific pharmacodynamics (PD); (3) PK and PD interactions between proposed combination therapies; (4) pharmacology of major supportive therapies; and (5) anticipated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). We found promising in vitro evidence for remdesivir, (hydroxy)chloroquine and favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2; potential clinical benefit in SARS-CoV-2 with remdesivir, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) plus ribavirin; and strong evidence for LPV/r plus ribavirin against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for post-exposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers. Despite these emerging data, robust controlled clinical trials assessing patient-centred outcomes remain imperative and clinical data have already reduced expectations with regard to some drugs. Any therapy should be used with caution in the light of potential drug interactions and the uncertainty of optimal doses for treating mild versus serious infections.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zeitlinger</LastName><ForeName>Markus</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-5878</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. markus.zeitlinger@meduniwien.ac.at.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koch</LastName><ForeName>Birgit C P</ForeName><Initials>BCP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bruggemann</LastName><ForeName>Roger</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Cock</LastName><ForeName>Pieter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy 2, Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Felton</LastName><ForeName>Timothy</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hites</LastName><ForeName>Maya</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinic of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le</LastName><ForeName>Jennifer</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Luque</LastName><ForeName>Sonia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>MacGowan</LastName><ForeName>Alasdair P</ForeName><Initials>AP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology Partnership, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marriott</LastName><ForeName>Deborah J E</ForeName><Initials>DJE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Muller</LastName><ForeName>Anouk E</ForeName><Initials>AE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HaaglandenMC, The Hague and ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nadrah</LastName><ForeName>Kristina</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paterson</LastName><ForeName>David L</ForeName><Initials>DL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Standing</LastName><ForeName>Joseph F</ForeName><Initials>JF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Telles</LastName><ForeName>João P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wölfl-Duchek</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thy</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Department and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>EA7323, Evaluation of Perinatal and Paediatric Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roberts</LastName><ForeName>Jason A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group (EPASG) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases (ESCMID)</CollectiveName></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>28</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Clin Pharmacokinet</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7606849</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0312-5963</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32725382</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s40262-020-00924-9</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1007/s40262-020-00924-9</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7385074</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-271</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId 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IdType="pubmed">23391367</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Brésil</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Slovénie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Californie</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Grand Manchester</li><li>Gueldre</li><li>Hollande-Méridionale</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li><li>État de São Paulo</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Bruxelles</li><li>Londres</li><li>Manchester</li><li>Nimègue</li><li>Nîmes</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rotterdam</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li></settlement><orgName><li>University College de Londres</li><li>Université de Manchester</li><li>Université libre de Bruxelles</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Autriche"><region name="Vienne (Autriche)"><name sortKey="Zeitlinger, Markus" sort="Zeitlinger, Markus" uniqKey="Zeitlinger M" first="Markus" last="Zeitlinger">Markus Zeitlinger</name></region><name sortKey="Wolfl Duchek, Michael" sort="Wolfl Duchek, Michael" uniqKey="Wolfl Duchek M" first="Michael" last="Wölfl-Duchek">Michael Wölfl-Duchek</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Méridionale"><name sortKey="Koch, Birgit C P" sort="Koch, Birgit C P" uniqKey="Koch B" first="Birgit C P" last="Koch">Birgit C P. 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Muller</name></country><country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="De Cock, Pieter" sort="De Cock, Pieter" uniqKey="De Cock P" first="Pieter" last="De Cock">Pieter De Cock</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hites, Maya" sort="Hites, Maya" uniqKey="Hites M" first="Maya" last="Hites">Maya Hites</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Felton, Timothy" sort="Felton, Timothy" uniqKey="Felton T" first="Timothy" last="Felton">Timothy Felton</name></region><name sortKey="Felton, Timothy" sort="Felton, Timothy" uniqKey="Felton T" first="Timothy" last="Felton">Timothy Felton</name><name sortKey="Macgowan, Alasdair P" sort="Macgowan, Alasdair P" uniqKey="Macgowan A" first="Alasdair P" last="Macgowan">Alasdair P. Macgowan</name><name sortKey="Standing, Joseph F" sort="Standing, Joseph F" uniqKey="Standing J" first="Joseph F" last="Standing">Joseph F. 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Marriott</name><name sortKey="Paterson, David L" sort="Paterson, David L" uniqKey="Paterson D" first="David L" last="Paterson">David L. Paterson</name><name sortKey="Paterson, David L" sort="Paterson, David L" uniqKey="Paterson D" first="David L" last="Paterson">David L. Paterson</name><name sortKey="Roberts, Jason A" sort="Roberts, Jason A" uniqKey="Roberts J" first="Jason A" last="Roberts">Jason A. Roberts</name><name sortKey="Roberts, Jason A" sort="Roberts, Jason A" uniqKey="Roberts J" first="Jason A" last="Roberts">Jason A. Roberts</name><name sortKey="Roberts, Jason A" sort="Roberts, Jason A" uniqKey="Roberts J" first="Jason A" last="Roberts">Jason A. Roberts</name><name sortKey="Roberts, Jason A" sort="Roberts, Jason A" uniqKey="Roberts J" first="Jason A" last="Roberts">Jason A. 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Roberts</name><name sortKey="Thy, Michael" sort="Thy, Michael" uniqKey="Thy M" first="Michael" last="Thy">Michael Thy</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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